ABSTRACT Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of nanoparticles’ use in the treatment of prostate cancer in animals. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, and the descriptors were chosen based on terms indexed in Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS)/Medical Subject Headings (MESH), which are: nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and prostate cancer. The systematic review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with ID CRD42021271008. Results: A total of 3,897 articles was chosen; after reading the inclusion and exclusion criteria, six scientific articles with themes involving nanoparticles carrying medications were reached. Among the nanoparticles found, there were carboxymethylcellulose polymer, micellar casein nanoparticles, liquid crystal nanoparticles, serum albumin nanoparticles, and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (mPEG-PLA) conjugated nanoparticles encapsulating cabazitaxel, docetaxel, and flutamide, which were nanoparticles used to treat prostate cancer in animals. Conclusions: Through using nanoparticles to encapsulate medications for treating prostate cancer in animals, studies show a decrease in weight and tumor reduction, with nanoparticles resulting in greater survival time than free medications. The improved permeability and retention effect of nanoparticles in the bloodstream contribute to their effectiveness.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on colorectal cancer (CRC) development in mice induced by azoxymethane (AOM) coupled with colitis. Methods: Forty animals induced with CRC were used, divided into five groups of eight animals each: sedentary; continuous aerobics; continuous anaerobic; aerobic PI; and anaerobic PI. AOM was administered to the animals in two doses of 10 mg/kg each over the course of two weeks, the first dose administered in the third week and the second administered in the fourth. For the colitis, three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate were administered for five days, separated by two weeks of water. The 14th week of the experiment saw the euthanasia, the removal of their colons, and the creation of microscopy slides for histological analysis. Results: Preneoplastic lesions developed in all five groups; there were no significant differences between them. However, in terms of inflammatory symptoms, mucosal ulceration was much more frequently in the exercise groups than in the sedentary group (p = 0.016). The number of polyps overall (p = 0.002), the distal region’s polyp development (p = 0.003), and the proximal region’s polyp development (p = 0.04) were all statistically different than sedentary group. Conclusions: The study discovered no significant difference in disease activity index scores between groups, but there was a significant difference in the number of polyps and the presence of mucosal ulceration in the colon.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of physical exercise on the behavior of rodents with colorectal cancer induced through the use of elevated plus maze. Methods: We used 40 male hairless mice induced to colorectal cancer, divided into five groups: G1) submitted to pre- and post-induction swimming; G2) pre- and post-induction ladder; G3) post-induction swimming; G4) post-induction ladder; G5) sedentary. At the end of the 14th week, the animals were submitted to the plus maze test. Results: The mean length of stay in the open arm for G1 was 4.17 ± 6.50; G2 37.52 ± 40.7; G3 85.84 ± 42.5; G4 32.92 ± 23.17; and G5 4.09 ± 4.43. In the closed arm, it was 264 ± 23.43 in G1, 187.60 ± 47.73 in G2, 147.50 ± 40.03 in G3, 182.00 ± 40.40 in G4, and in G5 235.36 ± 14.28. In the center, G1 remained 31.86 ± 20.18, G2 74.85 ± 28.37, G3 66.69 ± 19.53, G4 60.55 ± 10.46, and G5 60.55 ± 23.65. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise for seven weeks after tumor induction showed less impact on the behavior of the animals. On the other hand, it significantly increased the animals’ stress level when applied for 14 weeks before and after tumor induction.

The inhibitory action of three imine-chalcones on carbon steel corrosion in HCl was investigated by theoretical and experimental methods. Quantum descriptors were calculated at the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM)-Becke-3 Parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP)-D3/def2-TZVPP level allowing the prediction of efficiency inhibition ranking. Electrochemical techniques and mass loss experiments were employed to determine inhibition efficiencies and related experimental parameters. Scanning electron microscopy was employed for metal surface analysis. The N-[(1Z,2E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-in-1-ylidene]-1-phenethylamine (IM-F) was pointed out as the most efficient inhibitor in this group, with 96% of corrosion inhibition. Moreover, theoretical results obtained from periodic calculations for the adsorption on the Fe(110) surface corroborated the highest efficacy of IM-F.

For this work, a hydroalcoholic extract was prepared from the aerial parts of the Malvaviscus arboreus (Malvaceae) species, popularly known as hibisco-colibri in Brazil; and then, investigated by infrared and NMR spectroscopy. A class of special metabolites containing a porphyrin skeleton and pyrrole units was determined by typical absorption spectra, mainly 1H and 13C NMR, thus indicating the capability of showing anti-corrosion effect. Therefore, the M. arboreus extract was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for AISI 1020 carbon steel in H2SO4 1 mol L-1, using a mass loss (gravimetric) technique. Results showed good corrosion inhibition efficiency, at both time and temperature variation. The maximum efficiency observed at 500 ppm was 97.5%, at 3 h, 24 h and 48 h. The surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), through which a higher homogeneity was observed in the presence of the M. arboreus extract. The hydroalcoholic extract of hibisco-colibri can be considered an efficient green agent for preventing corrosion.

In this work, two β-enaminoesters, EN1 and EN2, were synthesized, characterized and their anticorrosion effects on American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 1020 carbon steel in 0.5 mol L-1 HCl were investigated using gravimetric and electrochemical methods. The results revealed that both compounds inhibit corrosion. Good correlations were observed between results obtained for gravimetric and electrochemical methods. EN1 exhibited highest efficiency of 98% after 24 h of immersion in HCl solution. The adsorption of compounds on steel surface followed the modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface morphology of carbon steel was examined using scanning electron microscopy showing that the metal surface was protected by EN1 as inhibitor of corrosion.

Polymers have received considerable attention for replacing synthetic inorganic and organic anti-corrosion inhibitors since they are not as toxic for the environment, besides being cheaper. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has been studied due to its applicability, solubility, very low toxicity, cost and efficiency in corrosion inhibition against metals, such as zinc, aluminum, stainless steel, and others. Its anti-corrosion activity with 40000 g mol-1 was tested against AISI 1020 carbon steel in 0.5 mol L-1 HCl, and evaluated by electrochemical techniques: Potentiodynamic Polarization (PP), Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The maximum efficiency was 90% and 89% in EIS and LPR, respectively, at concentration of 1.0 x 10-7 mol L-1. The adsorption mechanism was coherent with Langmuir isotherm model. The morphology of the corroding carbon steel surface, in the presence and absence of the PVP, was visualized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

O artigo analisa, partindo de pressupostos da teoria dos sistemas em uma perspectiva crítica, a relação entre estrutura social e semântica no Estado brasileiro da passagem do século XIX para o século XX, considerando especificamente as questões do constitucionalismo liberal e da codificação do direito privado. Em primeiro lugar, o autor procura afastar-se do modelo dos “intérpretes do Brasil”, para caracterizar o Estado brasileiro como organização político-jurídica territorial no âmbito da sociedade moderna como sociedade mundial. No segundo momento, o autor discute as dificuldades da adoção de um código civil durante o Império. A esse respeito, aponta para a dificuldade das ideias jurídicas liberais no âmbito de estruturas socioeconômicas locais não liberais. Na terceira parte, o autor trata das condições de surgimento da Constituição de 1891, enfatizando o deslocamento do sentido e função das ideias jurídico-políticas liberais no contexto do Estado brasileiro da Primeira República. Em seguida, aborda as condições do surgimento e o significado prático do Código Civil de 1916, considerando novamente o deslocamento das ideias jurídicas liberais no contexto do Estado brasileiro. Por fim, o autor conclui com a formulação paradoxal de que as ideias liberais, naquele contexto, atuaram ao mesmo tempo como ideias em outro lugar (a sociedade no âmbito do Estado brasileiro) e no mesmo lugar (a sociedade mundial).

Based on assumptions of systems theory in a critical perspective, this paper analyzes the relationship between social structure and semantics in the Brazilian State at the turn of nineteenth century, specifically considering the issues of liberal constitutionalism and codification of private law. First, the author seeks to depart from the model of “interpreters of Brazil” in order to characterize the Brazilian State as a territorial political-legal organization within the modern society as world society. In the second section, the author discusses the difficulties in adopting a civil code during the Brazilian Empire. In this regard, he points to the difficulty of liberal legal ideas under non-liberal local socioeconomic structures. In the third part of the article, the author deals with the conditions of emergence of the 1891 Constitution, emphasizing the shift of meaning and function of the liberal legal-political ideas in the context of the Brazilian State of the “First Republic”. He then addresses the conditions of emergence and the practical meaning of the Civil Code of 1916, considering again the displacement of liberal legal ideas in the context of the Brazilian state. Finally, the author takes distance from the notion of “misplaced ideas” to complete with the paradoxical formulation that liberal ideas, in that context, acted as both ideas in another place (society in the scope of the Brazilian State) and in the same place (the world society).

L’article analyse, à partir d’une perspective critique des hypothèses de la théorie des systèmes, la relation entre la structure sociale et sémantique dans l’État brésilien au tournant du XIXe. Il considère spécifiquement les questions du constitutionnalisme libéral et de la codification du droit privé. L’auteur cherche, tout d’abord, à s’écarter du modèle des “interprètes du Brésil” pour caractériser l’État brésilien comme une organisation politique et juridique territoriale dans le cadre de la société moderne en tant que société mondiale. L’auteur aborde, ensuite, les difficultés de l’adoption d’un code civil sous l’Empire et met en avant la difficulté des idées juridiques libérales dans le cadre des structures socioéconomiques locales non libérales. Dans une troisième partie, l’auteur analyse les conditions de l’élaboration de la Constitution de 1891, mettant l’accent sur le déplacement des idées juridiques libérales dans le contexte de l’État brésilien de la Première République. Il aborde ensuite les conditions de l’émergence et le rôle pratique du Code Civil de 1916, tout en considérant le déplacement des idées libérales dans le cadre de l’État brésilien. Finalement, l’auteur conclut avec la formulation paradoxale selon laquelle les idées libérales, dans ce contexte, ont également, en tant qu’idées, agi ailleurs (la société dans le cadre de l’État brésilien) et au même endroit (la société mondiale).

O artigo discute criticamente o modelo de colisão entre regimes jurídicos e constitucionais à luz da concepção de transconstitucionalismo. Em um primeiro momento, o autor procura afastar-se da ideia em voga de que teria ocorrido a emergência de uma multidão de novas constituições, conforme um uso inflacionário do termo "constituição". Em um segundo passo, o artigo faz uma crítica ao modelo de fragmentação de regimes jurídicos e constitucionais, tal como proposto por Gunther Teubner, para apontar a necessidade de tessitura dos fragmentos, na perspectiva de uma razão transversal. Em seguida, o autor expõe o problema transconstitucional do homicídio de crianças recém-nascidas com deficiências, entre os índios Suruahá e outros grupos indígenas, para colocar o paradoxo do transconstitucionalismo além de um modelo ocidentalista e simplesmente cosmopolita de constitucionalismo global. Na observação final, o autor aponta para um caminho que vai além de reconhecer que todo observador tem um ponto cego, para enfatizar uma perspectiva de alteridade em que o ponto de cego de um pode ser visto por um outro, em uma conexão transversal de dupla contingência.

The paper critically discusses the theorical model that emphasizes the collision between legal and constitutional regimes in the light of the theory of transconstitutionalism. At first, the author takes distance from the currently widespread idea that there has been the emergence of a multitude of new constitutions according to an inflationary use of the term "constitution". In a second step, the paper develops a critical approach on the model of fragmentation of legal and constitutional regimes, as proposed by Gunther Teubner, in order to point out the need for weaving of fragments in the perspective a transversal rationality. Then, the author exposes the transconstitutional problem concerning the murder of newborn children with disabilities, among Suruawa Indians and other indigenous groups to approach the paradox transconstitutionalism beyond a westerner and simply cosmopolitan global constitutionalism model. In the final observation, the author points to a path that goes beyond recognizing that every observer has a blind spot to emphasize to gain a perspective of alterity in which a blind point can be seen by another in a transversal connection of double contingency.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor é um fator agravante da morbimortalidade pós-operatória, principalmente em cirurgias como a artroplastia de quadril. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dor pós-operatória, o consumo de opioide, as complicações e o bloqueio motor por mais de 6 horas em pacientes que receberam morfina por via subaracnoidea associada ou não ao bloqueio "3 em 1" para artroplastia de quadril. MÉTODO: Ensaio clínico aleatório, encoberto com 49 pacientes submetidos à artroplastia de quadril eletiva distribuídos em dois grupos, 24 pacientes no Grupo 1 (G1) e 25 pacientes no Grupo 2 (G2). Ambos os grupos receberam raquianestesia com morfina por via subaracnoidea, e nos pacientes do grupo G2 foi associado o bloqueio "3 em 1". No pós-operatório foi avaliada a dor, o número de doses de opioides de resgate, a incidência de prurido, náuseas e vômitos e presença de bloqueio motor nos membros inferiores por mais de 6 horas. RESULTADOS: Treze pacientes, 54,2% do G1, relataram dor com intensidade ≥ 1, enquanto que no G2, a dor foi relatada por 6 pacientes (24%), diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,029). Nenhum paciente apresentou dor intensa. O tramadol, usado como opioide de resgate foi administrado em 25% dos pacientes do G1 e em 8% dos pacientes do G2, sem diferença significativa (p = 0,11). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao prurido, náuseas, vômitos e bloqueio motor por mais de 6 horas. CONCLUSÃO: A associação de morfina por via subaracnoidea com o bloqueio "3 em 1" reduz a incidência de dor em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia de quadril, sem aumentar a incidência de complicações.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain worsens postoperative morbidity and mortality, especially in surgeries such as hip replacement arthroplasty. This study aimed at evaluating postoperative pain, opioid consumption, complications and motor block for more than 6 hours in patients receiving subarachnoid morphine associated or not to "3 in 1" blockade for hip replacement arthroplasty. METHOD: Randomized, double-blind clinical trial with 49 patients submitted to elective hip replacement arthroplasty who were distributed in two groups: 24 patients in Group 1 (G1) and 25 patients in Group 2 (G2). Both groups received spinal anesthesia with subarachnoid morphine and "3 in 1" blockade was associated in Group 2. Pain, number of rescue opioid doses, incidence of pruritus, nausea and vomiting, and motor block in lower limbs for more than 6 hours were evaluated in the postoperative period. RESULTS: Thirteen G1 patients (54.2%) reported pain intensity ≥ 1, while in G2 pain was reported by 6 patients (24%) with statistically significant difference (p = 0.029). No patient reported severe pain. Tramadol, used as rescue opioid, was administered to 25% G1 patients and 8% of G2 patients, without significant difference (p = 0.11). There has been no difference between groups in pruritus, nausea, vomiting and motor block for more than 6 hours. CONCLUSION: The association of subarachnoid morphine and "3 in 1" blockade decreases the incidence of pain in patients submitted to hip replacement arthroplasty without increasing the incidence of complications.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela em câncer gástrico precoce como método diagnóstico de metástase ganglionar insuspeita, e que permita a realização, naqueles com gânglios negativos, de ressecções gástricas menores, com linfadenectomia limitada. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados sete pacientes portadores de câncer gástrico precoce, tratados no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, no período de setembro de 2008 a maio de 2011, e submetidos à pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela, realizada através da injeção endoscópica, peritumoral, transoperatória, do corante azul patente. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados, em média, três linfonodos sentinelas por paciente. A biópsia por congelação destes linfonodos foi negativa para metástases, o que permitiu a realização de ressecção gástrica atípica em três casos e antrectomia com reconstrução a BI em quatro. A linfadenectomia realizada foi a D1 modificada. Não houve mortalidade operatória. O tempo de acompanhamento pós-operatório variou de cinco a 37 meses, sem evidências de recidivas. Uma paciente apresentou um segundo tumor precoce 13 meses depois da primeira cirurgia e foi submetida à gastrectomia total. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela em câncer gástrico precoce, nos sete pacientes estudados, mostrou-se um método eficaz para a avaliação de metástases ganglionares e permitiu a realização de ressecções gástricas menores e linfadenectomias limitadas. Estes procedimentos de menor porte diminuem o risco de complicações pós-operatórias, mantendo, por outro lado, a radicalidade oncológica que se exige no tratamento do câncer gástrico.

OBJECTIVE: To study the sentinel lymph node in early gastric cancer as a diagnostic method of unsuspected lymph node metastasis, which may allow the performance, in those with negative lymph nodes, of smaller gastric resections with limited lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We studied seven patients with early gastric cancer treated at the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from September 2008 to May 2011, who underwent sentinel lymph node exams, performed by intraoperative peritumoral endoscopic injection of patent blue dye. RESULTS: We found an average of three sentinel nodes per patient. The frozen biopsy of lymph nodes was negative for metastases, which allowed the realization of atypical gastric resection in three cases and antrectomy with BI reconstruction in four. The performed lymphadenectomy was modified D1. There was no operative mortality. The duration of postoperative follow-up ranged from five to 37 months, without evidence of recurrence. One patient developed a second early tumor 13 months after the initial surgery and underwent total gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: The sentinel lymph node in early gastric cancer proved to be an effective method for the evaluation of nodal metastases in seven patients and allowed for smaller gastric resections and limited lymphadenectomies. These minor procedures reduce the risk of postoperative complications, maintaining, on the other hand, the oncological radicality that is required in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Iron is a vital element in the human metabolism. It plays a central role in erythropoiesis and is also involved in many other intracellular processes in all the tissues of the body. Blood donation results in a substantial (200 to 250 ng) loss of iron at each donation (425 to 475 ml) with subsequent mobilization of iron from body deposits. Repetitive donations of blood my cause the depletion of iron reserves in blood donors and thus cause health disorders. Recent reports have shown that iron reserves are generally small and iron depletion is more common in blood donors than in non-donors. The high frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors reported by these studies suggests a need for more accurate studies, as measurement of hemoglobin and hematicrit alone is insufficient to identify and exclude prospective blood donors with iron deficiency but without anemia. It is important, therefore, that blood banks evaluate the risk-benefit of implanting tests to analyze organism iron reserves such as the measurement of serum ferritin of all individuals who donate more than three times per year in order to make the blood donation process safer for both donors and transfused patients.

INTRODUCTION: We report our experience with 43 retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for benign kidney disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients had a poor function from obstructive uropathology and renal atrophy. None of these patients had a previous lumbotomy. Retroperitoneoscopy was performed with 4 trocar port technique in a lateral position. The retroperitoneal space is created by using a Gaur's balloon made of sterile glove. The approach to vascular pedicle was done posteriorly and vessels were clipped by metal and Hem-o-lock (Weck Closure Systems, North Carolina, USA) clips. The sample was intact extracted in an Endo-Bag prolonging one trocar incision. RESULTS: Median operative time was 160 minutes and median blood loss was 200 mL. Four cases (9%) were converted to open surgery: one case due to bleeding and 3 cases due to technical difficulties regarding perirenal adherences. Most patients (39) checked out from the Hospital in day two. Four of them were left over 3 days due to wound complications. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopy offers a safe, effective and reproductive access to nephrectomy for benign pathologies.

This work presents a mean field estimation of JC as a bulk characteristic of YBCO blocks. That average JC allows a good fitting of the finite-element-method (FEM) simulation of the levitation forces to experimental results. That agreement is quite enough for levitation requirements of device projects, at short gaps and zero field cooling process, within the Bean model. The physical characterization for that estimation was made measuring the interaction force between the PM and one YBCO block in 1-D and mapping the trapped magnetic field in those blocks in 2-D.

Argumenta-se que a teoria sistêmica de Luhmann e a teoria do discurso de Habermas podem ser vistas como interpretações complementares da realidade jurídica e política do Ocidente desenvolvido. Aplica-se isto à análise do direito na "modernidade periférica", representada pelo caso brasileiro.

Luhmann's "systemic" and Habermas' "discourse" theories may be seen as complementary interpretations of the juridical and political reality of the developed West This point is presented and developed regarding the role of right in the "peripheric modernity", represented by the Brazilian case.